If the paper is cited in one of your references: Include the author and title of the website, its address and the date that you accessed it. Website or e-mail information is treated with the same credibility as personal communications, and viewed as less reliable than primary sources.
* Include the name and initials of the person cited, but do not include a year. Salmon embryos develop faster at higher temperatures (L. * Note that the references are placed in chronological order. (1996) discuss the evolutionary significance of genetic conflicts. When two sources are used in a single sentence:īoth Haig (1993) and Hurst et al. is a Latin abbreviation for "and others" and must be italicized. (1996) consider examples of selfish genes. When the source has three or more authors: * Even when the two authors have the same last name, both names must be listed. Hedrick and Duffield (1986) compare the blood viscosity of the northern elephant seal to that of a rabbit.
Haig (1993) explores the genetic conflicts between mother and fetus that occur during human pregnancy. We would prefer that you avoid footnotes, although you will not be penalized for them.Ĭiting literature in the body of your essay: However, you may use any format you wish as long as your citation style is accurate and consistent. We suggest that you use the guidelines below in citing literature in your essay. In general, you should rephrase the information or ideas cited into your own words and cite the source appropriately. These are appropriate when you wish to quote a pithy phrase that you cannot express better in your own words. However, you should also cite any personal communications with researchers or instructors. Usually, the sources you cite will be your primary articles, popular article, books or texts.
The source of the information or ideas must be credited directly in the text and this is known as citing literature. It is very important that you give credit to the source of any information or ideas that you present in your essay.
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